MALARIA AND ITS VECTOR

INTRODUCTION Malaria and its vector: Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite and transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Despite significant progress in controlling the disease, malaria remains a major public health issue, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. In this article,…

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DENGUE FEVER AND ITS VECTOR

DENGUE FEVER AND ITS VECTOR

Introduction Dengue fever and its vector: Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease that has become a significant public health concern, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. With millions of cases reported worldwide each year, dengue fever is transmitted primarily by the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. These vectors…

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THYROID GLAND FUNCTIONS AND DISORDERS

Introduction Thyroid gland functions and disorders: The thyroid gland, a butterfly-shaped organ located at the base of the neck, is crucial for regulating the body's metabolism, growth, and development. Through the secretion of thyroid hormones, this small gland influences nearly every organ system in the body. Understanding the anatomy, function,…

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EPITHELIOCHORIAL PLACENTA STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Introduction Epitheliochorial Placenta Structure and Function- The epitheliochorial placenta is a unique and significant type of placental structure found in certain mammals, particularly ungulates like horses, pigs, and some primates. This form of placenta is crucial in understanding reproductive biology, maternal-fetal interactions, and the evolutionary adaptations that different species have…

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HAEMOCHORIAL PLACENTA STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Introduction The haemochorial placenta is a crucial structure in mammalian reproduction, particularly in humans and other primates. This type of placenta plays a vital role in fetal development, ensuring the transfer of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the mother and the developing fetus. Understanding the structure, function, and significance…

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OF PIGEON

INTRODUCTION The circulatory system of pigeon, like all birds, is a marvel of efficiency and specialization, enabling them to meet the high metabolic demands of flight and other aspects of their active lifestyle. This essay explores the anatomy, function, adaptations, and comparative aspects of the circulatory system in pigeons. ANATOMY…

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OF REPTILES

INTRODUCTION The circulatory system of reptiles is a vital component of their physiology, enabling efficient transport of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout their bodies. Unlike mammals and birds, reptiles exhibit a range of adaptations in their circulatory systems that reflect their evolutionary history and ecological niche. This essay explores…

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METAMORPHOSIS IN INSECTS

INTRODUCTION Metamorphosis in insects is a fascinating biological process that showcases the remarkable adaptability and complexity of these creatures. It refers to the series of distinct developmental stages an insect undergoes during its life cycle, typically involving a transformation from egg to larva, pupa, and finally adult. This phenomenon is…

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METAMORPHOSIS STAGES IN LIFECYCLE OF FROG

INTRODUCTION The Metamorphosis stages in lifecycle of frogs is a captivating process that showcases nature's brilliance in transforming a water-dwelling creature into a terrestrial marvel. From the initial stages of egg-laying to the emergence of a fully formed adult frog, this intricate journey encompasses various physiological and behavioral adaptations. In…

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BLASTULA AND TYPES OF BLASTULA

INTRODUCTION Blastula and types of blastula: The blastula is a pivotal stage in embryonic development, marking the transition from the zygote to a multicellular embryo. Characterized by a hollow, spherical structure composed of a single layer of cells, the blastula sets the stage for subsequent gastrulation, formation of coelom and…

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DISSECTION OF PALAEMON (PRAWN)

DISSECTION OF PALAEMON (PRAWN) External features of Palaemon (Prawn) It is fresh-water prawn, which forms a highly palatable dish. Prawn is the most favourite and well-liked animal by the students. Total length : 25 to 35 cm. Shape: Spindle-shaped, elongated and bilaterally symmetrical. Colour: Pale blue or greenish it becomes…

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CLASSIFICATION OF CHONDRILLA

CLASSIFICATION OF CHONDRILLA Phylum :- Porifera (Pore bearing, cellular grade, asymmetrical or radially symmetrical.) Class :- Demospongiae (Skeleton of spongin fibres or siliceous spicules which are not six-rayed.) Order :- Tetractinellida (Spicules tetraxon) Genus :- Chondrilla Habit and habitat of Chondrilla Chondrilla is a marine tetractinellid demosponge. Distribution of Chondrilla…

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CLASSIFICATION OF OSCARELLA

CLASSIFICATION OF OSCARELLA Phylum :- Porifera (Pore bearing, cellular grade, asymmetrical or radially symmetrical.) Class :- Demospongiae (Skeleton of spongin fibres or siliceous spicules which are not six-rayed.) Order :- Myxospongida (Skeleton absent.) Genus :- Oscarella Habit and habitat of Oscarella Oscarella is found in shallow water forming encrustation over…

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DISSECTION OF POECILOCERUS (GRASSHOPPER)

DISSECTION OF POECILOCERUS (GRASSHOPPER) General anatomy of Poecilocerus (Grasshopper) Procedure For Dissection of poecilocerus (Grasshopper) take either preserved or freshly chloroformed grasshopper. Fix it in the dissecting dish. Cut the lateral membranes between terga and sterna. Remove carefully the cut tergal plates over thorax and head region to study the…

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DISSECTION OF PERIPLANETA AMERICANA (COCKROACH)

DISSECTION OF PERIPLANETA AMERICANA (COCKROACH) This is a common cockroach. This insect is the most suited for laboratory study due to its manageable size, abundant occurrence and being least specialized insect. It is Nocturnal and cursorial, inhabiting drain pipes and backeries. External features of periplaneta americana (Cockroach) Procedure For Dissection…

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CLASSIFICATION OF PHERONEMA

CLASSIFICATION OF PHERONEMA Phylum :- Porifera (Pore bearing cellular grade, asymmetrical or radially symmetrical.) Class :- Hexactinellida (Glass sponges with siliceous spicules of triaxon or six-pointed type.) Order :- Amphidiscophora (Hexaster spicules absent and amphidisks present.) Genus :- Pheronema Habit and habitat of Pheronema Pheronema is found on the bottom…

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CLASSIFICATION OF HYALONEMA

CLASSIFICATION OF HYALONEMA Phylum :- Porifera (Pore bearing cellular grade, asymmetrical or radially symmetrical.) Class :- Hexactinellida (Glass sponges with siliceous spicules of triaxon or six-pointed type.) Order :- Amphidiscophora (Hexaster spicules absent and amphidisks present.) Habit and habitat Hyalonema is marine animal, found 60 to 95 fathoms deep. Distribution…

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DISSECTION OF SEPIA (CUTTLE FISH)

DISSECTION OF SEPIA (CUTTLE FISH) External features of Sepia (Cuttle Fish) Sepia is commonly found in sea in India. Very favourite class room specimen and very good animal tc study the nervous system. The preserved specimen is brownish in colour bluish with leathery texture. The animal can atonce be recognized…

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DISSECTION OF LOLIGO (SQUID)

DISSECTION OF LOLIGO (SQUID) External features For dissection of loligo (Squid)Take a nicely preserved specimen. Loligo (Squid) can be easily differentiated from Sepia by having lateral fin in the posterior region of the trunk. Study various structures in head and trunk regions. Nervous system Procedure Dissect the animal by making…

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CLASSIFICATION OF EUPLECTELLA

CLASSIFICATION OF EUPLECTELLA Phylum :- Porifera (Pore bearing, cellular grade, asymmetrical or radially symmetrical) Class :- Hexactinellida (Glass sponges with siliceous spicules of triaxon or six-pointed type.) Order :- Hexasterophora (Hexaster spicule present. Amphid is absent) Genus :- Euplectella Goegraphical Distribution It is distributed near Philippines and West Indies. Habit…

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CLASSIFICATION OF LEUCILLA

Classification of Leucilla Phylum :- Porifera (Pore bearing, cellular grade, asymmetrical or radially symmetrical)Class :- Calcarea (Calcareous spicules present)Order :- Heterocoel (Syconoid sponges with internal folds) Genus :- Leucilla Distribution It is a small solitary and marine sponge Habit and Habitat Common in Europe. Distributed from Rhode Island to Greenland.…

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DISSSECTION OF PILA GLOBOSA (APPLE SNAIL)

DISSSECTION OF PILA GLOBOSA (APPLE SNAIL) Pila Globosa is the most common and abundant gastropod, inhabiting ponds, rivers, tanks and rice-fields. It is very familiar for dissection and is also famous for its very slow movement called as snail pace. External features of Pila Globosa (Apple Snail) with shell and…

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DISSECTION OF UNIO OR LAMELLIDENS

DISSECTION OF UNIO OR LAMELLIDENS External features of Unio or Lamellidens Unio is the most familiar specimen amongst laboratory dissections. Unio is found abundantly in lime-rich water and in the bottom of lakes, ponds, rivers and streams. Generally they are found half-embedded in mud or sand at the bottom. Procedure…

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DISSECTION OF HIRUDINARIA GRANULOSA (LEECH)

DISSECTION OF HIRUDINARIA GRANULOSA (LEECH) It is the common cattle leech. For studying external features, take freshly killed specimens with chloroform vapours. External features of Hirudinaria Granulosa (Leech) Number of segments : 33. Number of annuli in a typical middle segment is 5. Total length : 5 to 10 cm.…

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DISSECTION OF PHERETIMA POSTHUMA (EARTHWORM)

DISSECTION OF PHERETIMA POSTHUMA (EARTHWORM) External features of pheretima posthuma (earthworm) It is common earthworm. For external features of pheretima posthuma (earthworm), living narcotised or preserved specimens can be examined. Observe and draw the following parts. Draw separately dorsal and ventral suifaces. Distinguish the dorsal suiface by median blood vessel.…

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DISSECTION OF NEREIS (CLAM WORM)

DISSECTION OF NEREIS (CLAM WORM) General Instructions for Dissection of ascaris (round worm) While dissecting the animal keep in mind the following points. Listen and follow carefully the instructions given by the teacher in your practical class. Study well about the internal structures of the animal to be dissected. Keep…

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DISSECTION OF ASCARIS (ROUND WORM)

DISSECTION OF ASCARIS (ROUND WORM) General Instructions for Dissection of ascaris (round worm) While dissecting the animal keep in mind the following points. Listen and follow carefully the instructions given by the teacher in your practical class. Study well about the internal structures of the animal to be dissected. Keep…

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Study Of Hydra

Classification of Hydra Phylum- Coelenterata Class- Hydrozoa Order- Hydroidea Suborder – Anthomedusae Genus - Hydra General Study of Hydra Hydra belongs to the most primitive Class Hydrozoa of Phylum coelenterata . It is simple in form and structure and serves as a good example for the study of coelenterate organization…

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STUDY OF BALANTIDIUM

Classification of Balantidium Phylum :-Protozoa - (Unicellular)Sub-phylum :- Ciliophora - (Cilia movement in all stages.)Class :- Ciliata - (Cilia present throughout life.)Sub-Class :- Euciliata - (Cytopharynx, contractile vacuole, mega-and micronucleus present)Order :- Spirotricha -(Adoral membranelles extending around peristome in clockwise direction.)Genus :- Balantidium General Study of Balantidium Balantidium is commonly…

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Study of Opalina

Classification of Opalina Phylum :- Protozoa (Unicellular)Sub-phylum :- Plasmodroma (Cilia absent, locomotion by pseudopodia.)Class :- Opalinata (Cilia-like organelles in oblique rows)Genus :- Opalina General Study of Opalina Opalinids are entocommensals in intestine and rectum of tadpoles and adult anuran amphibians (frogs and toads) and occasionally other cold blooded vertebrates. It…

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Study of Euglena

Classification of Euglena Phylum :- Protozoa (Unicellular) Subphylum :- Sarcomastigophora (Cilia absent, locomotion by pseudopodia) Class :- Phytomastigophora (Chromatophores present in majority) Order :- Euglenida (Larger forms with one or more flagella) Genus :- Euglena General Study of Euglena Euglena is free-living and solitary. It occurs in stagnant water of…

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Study Of Paramecium

Classification of Paramecium Phylum :- Protozoa (Unicellular) Sub-Phylum :- Ciliophora (Ciliary movement in all stages). Class :- Ciliata (Cilia present throughout life.) Sub Class :- Euciliata (Cytopharynx, contractile vacuole, mega and micronucleus present Order :- Holotricha (Equal cilia) Sub-order :- Trichostomata (Mouth leads into cytopharynx.) Family :- Paramecidae (Oral groove…

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Classification of Sycon or Scypha

Classification of Sycon or Scypha Phylum :- Porifera (Pore bearing, cellular grade, asymmetrical or radially symmetrical). Class :- Calcarea (Calcareous spicules present). Order :- Heterocoe Syconoid sponges with internal folds. Genus :- Sycon Habit and habitat Sycon or Scypha is a small, solitary or colonial marine sponge found in shallow…

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Classification of Leucosolenia

Classification of Leucosolenia Phylum :- Porifera (Pore bearing, cellular grade, asymmetrical or radially symmetrical). Class :- Calcarea (Calcareous spicules present). Order :- Homocoela (Canal system of ascon type). Genus :- Leucosolenia Colony of Leucosolenia Habit and habitat Marine colonial sponge found in shallow waters below tidemark on seashore rocks, having…

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Study of Giardia – Classification and Life Cycle

Classification of Giardia Phylum :- ProtozoaSubclass :- SarcomastigophoraClass :- ZoomastigophoreaOrder :- DiplomonadidaGenus :- Giardia Comments on Giardia It is live in the intestine of man as an endoparasite and cause Giardiasis It has two nuclei and bears four flagella on either side of the body Its fee on vitamins and…

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STUDY OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA – Classification and Life Cycle

STUDY OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA CLASSIFICATION OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA Phylum :- protozoaSub phylum :- SarcomastigophoreClass :- RhizopodaOrder :- LobosaGenus :- EntamoebaSpecies :- histolytica Distribution Entamoeba histolytica is worldwide in distribution, but its prevalence is greater in tropics and subtropics than in the temperate zones. It has been reported that incidence of…

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Study of Leishmania – Classification, Life Cycle and Mode of Transmission

Study of Leishmania - Classification, Life Cycle and Mode of Transmission Classification of Leishmania Phylum : ProtozoaSubphylum : SarcomastigophoraClass : ZoomastigophoreaOrder : KinetoplastidaFamily : TrypanosomatidaeGenus : Leishmania Distribution:- It is found as an intracellular parasite in Leucocytes and cells of liver, spleen, bone marrow, etc. Morphology and Life Cycle of…

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Circulatory System Of Branchiostoma

Circulatory System Of Branchiostoma Blood Vascular System or Circulatory system of Branchiostoma is of the closed type, well developed and peculiar in many ways. Blood is colourless due to lack of any respiratory pigment and corpuscles. Besides blood vessels it also occurs in some lymph spaces such as in metapleural…

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Circulatory System Of Herdmania

Blood Vascular System or circulatory system of Herdmania is well developed and greatly modified. It includes : (i) Heart and pericardium, (ii) blood vessels, and (iii) blood. Heart and pericardium The pericardium is a noncontractile, elongated and transparent tube about 7 cm long and 3 mm wide, running obliquely below…

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Digestive system of Herdmania

Digestive system of Herdmania includes the alimentary canal and the digestive glands. Alimentary canal Digestive tract of Herdmania is coiled and complete, beginning at the mouth and terminating at the anus. The following parts form the alimentary canal. Mouth The mouth or branchial aperture opens on the top of the…

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Digestive system of Balanoglossus

Introduction :- Digestive system of Balanoglossus Nestled within the enigmatic phylum Hemichordata lies a remarkable marine invertebrate known as Balanoglossus. Despite its seemingly humble appearance, this creature harbors a digestive system that captivates the curiosity of researchers and enthusiasts alike. Within the context of its evolutionary significance and biological uniqueness,…

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WHAT IS A WILDLIFE SAFARI AND THEIR IMPORTANCE

Introduction: Wildlife safaris, a thrilling and immersive journey into the heart of nature, offer a unique blend of adventure and conservation. These experiences provide enthusiasts with the opportunity to witness the untamed beauty of the animal kingdom in its natural habitat. Beyond the exhilarating encounters with diverse wildlife, wildlife safaris…

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How do birds migrate across continents with such precision?

Introduction: How do birds migrate across continents with such precision? In the expansive canvas of the natural world, few phenomena rival the annual migration of birds across continents. It is a spectacle that encapsulates the essence of precision and navigational prowess. From the soaring Arctic Terns charting pole-to-pole courses to…

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IMMUNIZATION AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE

Introduction Immunization, a cornerstone of modern medicine, has revolutionized healthcare by harnessing the incredible power of the immune system to protect animals, including humans, against a wide range of pathogens. In this article, we will explore the principles of immunization, its significance in the animal kingdom, and how it has…

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WHAT IS HYPERTHYROIDISM?

Introduction Hyperthyroidism is a medical condition that results from the overproduction of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland (opposite of hypothyroidism). Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions, making hyperthyroidism a significant concern in the field of zoology and endocrinology. In this article, we will explore…

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WHAT IS HYPOTHYROIDISM ?

Introduction Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder that affects not only humans but a wide range of animal species across the animal kingdom. This condition has significant implications for the health and survival of many creatures. In the field of zoology, understanding hypothyroidism in animals is essential for studying their…

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GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY

Introduction Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a medical condition that occurs when the pituitary gland fails to produce an adequate amount of growth hormone (GH). While this condition primarily affects children, it can also manifest in adults. In this article, we will explore the causes, effects, diagnosis, and treatment of…

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BIOLUMINESCENCE IN ANIMALS

Introduction Bioluminescence, the enchanting natural phenomenon of organisms emitting light, has fascinated biologists, oceanographers, and nature enthusiasts for centuries. In the depths of the oceans and the dark corners of the rainforest, countless creatures employ this captivating ability for various purposes. In this comprehensive exploration of bioluminescence, we delve into…

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WHAT IS BIOMIMICRY

Introduction Biomimicry, the art and science of drawing inspiration from nature's designs and processes to solve human challenges, has been a source of inspiration for countless innovations. While biomimicry encompasses a wide spectrum of natural wonders, one of its most profound sources of inspiration is the animal kingdom. From the…

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THE STRONGEST ANIMAL ON EARTH

Introduction Strength in the animal kingdom takes many forms, from sheer muscle power to extraordinary adaptations. In this exploration, we embark on a journey to discover the strongest animal on Earth. Our quest will take us through land, sea, and air, showcasing the remarkable feats of strength that have evolved…

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THE MOST VENOMOUS SNAKE IN THE WORLD

Introduction The Most Venomous Snake in the World: In the world of reptiles, snakes have captivated human fascination for centuries. Among these serpentine creatures, there exists a group that strikes terror into the hearts of many—the venomous snakes. While numerous venomous species exist, one stands out as the most venomous…

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THE IMPORTANCE OF WOLF SPIDERS IN ECOSYSTEM

Introduction The wolf spider, known for its agility, hunting prowess, and maternal instincts, is a fascinating arachnid that prowls in the shadows of the natural world. These solitary and often misunderstood creatures belong to the family Lycosidae and are found on nearly every continent, showcasing remarkable adaptability and diversity. In…

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THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

Introduction The Human Genome Project (HGP) is a monumental scientific endeavor that has left an indelible mark on the landscape of genetics, biology, and medicine. Spanning over a decade, this international research initiative aimed to unravel the complete sequence of the human genome, which serves as the genetic blueprint for…

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GENE AND CELL THERAPY

Introduction At the heart of gene and cell therapy lies a fundamental principle: the modification and manipulation of genes and cells to combat diseases and disorders. This groundbreaking field represents a radical departure from traditional medicine, where treatments primarily address symptoms rather than root causes. The Power of Genes: Gene…

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Biodiversity of Coral Reefs

Introduction Coral reefs are among the most biodiverse ecosystems on our planet, renowned for their vibrant colours and intricate structures. These underwater wonders serve as a vital habitat for a staggering array of marine species and play a significant role in supporting coastal communities. Coral reefs are often referred to…

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Endangered Reptiles and Conservation Efforts

Introduction Endangered Reptiles and Conservation Efforts: In the intricate tapestry of life on Earth, reptiles hold a unique and ancient place. For millions of years, they have navigated the planet's diverse ecosystems with a blend of tenacity and grace, adapting to a wide array of habitats and playing essential roles…

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Endangered Birds and Their Conservation

Introduction Endangered Birds and Their Conservation: Birds are renowned for their beauty, song, and remarkable diversity. However, many bird species face an alarming threat—extinction. Habitat loss, climate change, poaching, and other factors have pushed numerous bird species to the brink. In this article, we explore the world of endangered birds,…

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Endangered Mammals: Conservation Challenges

INTRODUCTION Endangered Mammals: Conservation Challenges: Mammals are among the most iconic and diverse group of animals on our planet, ranging from the towering elephants of Africa to the elusive snow leopards of the Himalayas. Yet, despite their ecological significance and cultural importance, many mammal species are teetering on the brink…

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Understanding the Enigma of Animal Behavior

INTRODUCTION Understanding the Enigma of Animal Behavior: The world of animals is a captivating tapestry of behaviors, each thread woven with precision, adapted for survival, and fine-tuned over eons of evolution. From the intricate dances of honeybees to the coordinated hunting tactics of killer whales, animal behavior is a subject…

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The Intricate World of Animal Intelligence

Introduction The Intricate world of Animal Intelligence: The animal kingdom is a treasure trove of diversity, each species adapted to its unique environment and lifestyle. Beyond their physical attributes, animals possess a wealth of mental faculties that have intrigued scientists and enthusiasts for centuries. Cognitive science, the interdisciplinary study of…

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Birdwatching: A Symphony of Nature’s Beauty and Wonder

Introduction Birdwatching: A Symphony of Nature's Beauty and Wonder often called "birding" by enthusiasts, is a passion that transcends boundaries and connects people to the captivating world of avian life. It is a hobby that blends scientific exploration, artistic appreciation, and a profound connection with the natural world. As we…

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Wildlife Conservation Travel and Ecotourism

Introduction Wildlife Conservation Travel and Ecotourism: The allure of exploring our planet's diverse ecosystems and encountering majestic wildlife has been a source of fascination for generations. However, with the growing awareness of environmental issues and the importance of conserving endangered species, a new form of travel has emerged: wildlife conservation…

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Role and Importance of Zoology in Medicine

Role and Importance of Zoology in Medicine Defining Zoology and Medicine Zoology is the scientific discipline that focuses on the study of animals, encompassing their biology, behavior, physiology, and evolution. Medicine, on the other hand, is the field dedicated to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases in humans. While…

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Tardigrades : The Invincible Microscopic Heroes:

Introduction In the vast realm of microscopic life, few creatures have captured the imagination of scientists and enthusiasts alike as much as tardigrades. These minuscule, water-dwelling animals, often referred to as "water bears" or "moss piglets," belong to a phylum called Tardigrada. Despite their diminutive size, tardigrades possess extraordinary survival…

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Endangered Species Conservation

Endangered Species Conservation : Preserving Biodiversity for Future Generations Introduction The Earth is home to a remarkable tapestry of life, with millions of species coexisting in a delicate balance that sustains our planet's ecosystems. However, this intricate web of biodiversity faces an unprecedented threat: extinction. Human activities, such as habitat…

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Role of Zoology in Ecosystem Conservation and Understanding

Role of Zoology in Ecosystem Conservation and Understanding Introduction Role of Zoology in Ecosystem, the study of animals and their behavior, plays a critical role in our understanding of ecosystems and their conservation. Ecosystems are intricate webs of life where every species, from the smallest microorganisms to the largest mammals,…

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SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

INTRODUCTION TO SICKLE CELL ANEMIA  Sickle Cell Anemia falls under the broader category of sickle cell disease (SCD), which encompasses a group of inherited red blood cell disorders. Hemoglobin is a protein responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells. In Sickle Cell Anemia, a single amino acid change in…

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TURNER SYNDROME

INTRODUCTION Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder affecting females, marked by the absence of one X chromosome in cells, leading to a range of physical and developmental traits. Common features include short stature, distinctive physical traits like webbed neck and low-set ears, and infertility due to underdeveloped ovaries. Hormone imbalances…

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KLINEFELTER SYNDROME

INTRODUCTION Klinefelter syndrome affects males due to an additional X chromosome (47,XXY). The condition originates from a random error during conception. Physical changes include increased height, reduced body hair, and enlarged breast tissue. Hormonal imbalances, stemming from lower testosterone levels, lead to fertility problems and other issues. Intelligence typically falls…

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PATAU’S SYNDROME

INTRODUCTION  Patau’s syndrome, known as Trisomy 13, unveils the intricate world of genetic anomalies and their impact on human development. Named after Dr. Klaus Patau, the syndrome involves an extra copy of chromosome 13, disrupting the usual genetic blueprint. This disruption triggers a series of events that shape the physical…

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DOWN SYNDROME CAUSES AND RISK

INTRODUCTION Down syndrome causes and risk: Down syndrome also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic condition caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. It is one of the most common genetic disorders, affecting approximately 1 in 700 babies born worldwide. This article aims to explore…

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FILTER FEEDING IN POLYCHAETA

INTRODUCTION Polychaeta, a diverse class of segmented marine worms, exhibit a wide range of feeding strategies. One of the most intriguing feeding modes found in polychaetes is filter feeding. Filter feeding is a specialized feeding adaptation that allows these organisms to extract food particles suspended in water. This article provides…

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NUTRITION IN PROTOZOA

INTRODUCTION Nutrition in Protozoa involves various modes of feeding. Protozoa are a diverse group of single-celled eukaryotic microorganisms that play significant ecological roles and exhibit diverse nutritional strategies. They can be found in various environments, including freshwater, marine habitats, and soil. Understanding the nutritional requirements and mechanisms of nutrient acquisition…

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CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM ANNELIDA

INTRODUCTION Characteristics of Phylum Annelida is their segmented body plan. The bodies of annelids are divided into a series of repetitive segments or metameres, each containing specific organs and structures. This segmentation allows for functional specialization, flexibility, and adaptability to different environments. Whether they inhabit marine, freshwater, or terrestrial habitats,…

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CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES

INTRODUCTION Phylum Platyhelminthes, commonly known as flatworms, is a diverse group of invertebrates that exhibit unique characteristics and adaptations. This phylum consists of various species, including parasitic and free-living flatworms. In this article, we will explore the characteristics of Phylum Platyhelminthes, their classification, adaptations, ecological roles, and provide examples of…

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CHARACTERISTICS OF PHYLUM CNIDARIA

INTRODUCTION Phylum Cnidaria encompasses a diverse group of marine organisms, including jellyfish, corals, sea anemones, and hydroids. These organisms share several characteristic features that define the phylum. In this article, we will explore the characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria, its classification, unique adaptations, ecological significance, and provide examples of organisms within…

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PHYLUM PROTOZOA

INTRODUCTION Phylum Protozoa includes a diverse group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms that belong to the kingdom Protista. They exhibit a remarkable range of characteristics and inhabit a wide variety of environments, including freshwater, marine habitats, soil, and even the bodies of other organisms. In this article, we will explore the…

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PHYLUM PORIFERA

INTRODUCTION Phylum Porifera, commonly known as sponges, represents one of the simplest and most primitive multicellular organisms in the animal kingdom. This phylum includes a wide variety of marine and freshwater species that exhibit diverse shapes, sizes, and colors. Sponges possess unique structural and physiological characteristics, lacking true tissues and…

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LATERAL LINE SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION The lateral line system is a remarkable sensory adaptation found in most fish species, allowing them to perceive and navigate through their aquatic environments effectively. This sensory system comprises a network of mechanoreceptive organs, called neuromasts, distributed along the fish's body. Through the lateral line system, fish can detect…

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