HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV)

HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV)

Contents hide
1) INTRODUCTION
2) HISTORY OF HPV
3) PAPPILOMAVIRUS STRUCTURE
4) PAPILLOMAVIRUS CLASSIFICATION
5) VIRAL LIFECYCLE
6) HPV ASSOCIATED DISEASES
7) HPV VACCINE
8) CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

  • Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease worldwide with the highest prevalence in young women and men.
  • Most sexually active individuals of both sexes will acquire a genital HPV infection at some point in life. While most HPV infections resolve spontaneously within two years, the persistence of cervical high-risk (hr) HPV infection combined with certain risk factors like smoking and Chlamydia trachomatis infection increase the risk of progression of cervical precancerous lesions and cancer.
  • The prevalence of other HPV-related diseases like head and neck or anal cancer is increasing among both women and men. The most common oncogenic HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for approximately 70% of all cervical cancers (Bosch et al. 2008), 75-80% of anal cancers (Hoots et al. 2009) and 86% of HPV positive oropharyngeal cancers (Kreimer et al. 2005). Up to 5.2% of cancers worldwide are estimated to be associated with HPV infection papillomaviruses contaminate epithelial cells and depending on their separation to complete their life cycle.
  •  HPV infection causes no cell death or viremia to trigger the host resistant framework and it can remain undetected for long times. Characteristic HPV contamination actuates as it were low levels serum antibodies coming about in inadequately security against reinfection or contamination by other HPV sorts.
  • Immunization may be effective device in securing powerless populations against particular diseases. Prophylactic  antibodies are viable in anticipating HPV contamination and cervical injuries in females negative for antibody type HPvs.
  •  HPV infection is sexually transmitted the immunization should be managed before sexual make a big appearance to attain high viability and security against HPV sorts secured  by the immunization.
Human papillomavirus (HPV)

HISTORY OF HPV

  • Papillomaviruses (PV) are highly species-specific and cause epithelial infections in most mammals and birds (de Villiers et al. 2004).
  • The first PV was identified in the warts of cottontail rabbits (Shope & Hurst et al. 1933). Later, in 1935, Francis Peyton Rous discovered that the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) can induce malignant transformation and neoplastic growth in the skin of affected rabbits. This was the first direct proof that a virus could cause cancer in mammals (Rous & Beard 1935). Rous received the Nobel Prize for his work on tumour viruses in 1966.

PAPPILOMAVIRUS STRUCTURE

Human papillomavirus (HPV)
  • Papillomaviruses are circular nonenveloped double-stranded DNA-viruses with an icosahedral capsid structure. The virus is approximately 55 nm in breadth and its DNA contains roughly 8000 base-pairs. Its protein shell or capsid is composed of 72 capsomeres comprising of two basic or late proteins L1 and L2. L1 speaks to 80% of the capsid and is called the major auxiliary protein of the infection.

PAPILLOMAVIRUS CLASSIFICATION

  • The ICTV (Worldwide Committee on the Scientific categorization of Infections) has acknowledged that papillomaviruses are a particular family of viruses. Human papillomaviruses have a place to this Papillomaviridae family. By comparing the L1 quality, papillomaviruses have been partitioned into genera, species (clades) and sorts.
  • The genera, which are distinguished by Greek letters, incorporate species that are phylogenetically related but frequently naturally very differing. There are 16 genera that incorporate all known papillomaviruses. The clinically most noteworthy sort is that of alphapapillomaviruses, which contains all HPV types.
  • The genome of around 120 diverse HPV types have been separated and totally sequenced.
  • The HPVs are partitioned into diverse types based on the foremost moderated quality within the L1 ORF (open perusing outline). An HPV type is characterized as a total genome, whose L1 quality grouping is at slightest 10% divergent to that of another HPV sort.
  • A distinction of 2-10% within the L1 locale characterizes a subtype, and less than 2% contrast a variation (de Villiers et al. 2004, Bernard 2005). Of the 120 HPV types confined, around 40 types contaminate mucosal epithelia. These anogenital HPVs are isolated into high-risk and low-risk (lr) types , depending on their capacity of causing harmful change in cervical cells.

VIRAL LIFECYCLE

Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Image source :- https://www.nature.com/articles/nrc2886
  • Papillomaviruses are impeccably adjusted to their normal host tissues, mucosa and skin, the separation of which sets the arrange for the viral life cycle (Doorbar 2005).
  •  The proximal epithelia at each of the body openings are stratified squamous structures, whereas the inner epithelia are columnar.
  •  The lining between these structures is called the squamo-columnar intersection, a metaplastic change zone comprising quickly cycling and separating keratinocytes. Such zones can be found within the larynx, nasal sinuses, urethra, cervix and anal/rectal intersection.
  • Metaplastic epithelial cells are especially helpless to papillomavirus contamination as there’s no defensive overlay of separated or desquamating cells (Chow et al. 2010). Papillomavirus life cycle starts when the infection contaminatesInfects Taints contaminate the basal layer cells of the epithelium.
  • This has been proposed to require a microwound within the stratified epithelium, permitting the infection to enter the basal cells. Basal cells, which are the only proliferating cells in normal epithelium, consist mainly of stem cells and parabasal cells or transit amplifying cells (Conway & Meyers 2009).
  • It has also been suggested that a papillomavirus must infect an epithelial stem cell to establish persistent infection (Doorbar 2005, Maglennon et al. 2011).

HPV ASSOCIATED DISEASES

It is evaluated that 5.2% of all cancers around the world are related with HPV infection (Parkin 2006). The predominance of HPV in cervical carcinoma changes completely different considers between 87% and 99%. HPVs cause roughly 85% of butt-centric squamous cell cancers (Daling et al. 2004), 40-50% of penile cancers (Parkin 2006), 33-60% of oropharyngeal cancers, and 23% of verbal cancers (Mork et.al 2001, Kreimer et al. 2005). In any case, in expansion, genital HPV sorts cause a number of kind, however critical, clinical conditions.

  1. Anogenital  warts
  2. Recurrent  respiratory papillomatosis
  3. Cancer of the cervix
  4. Cancer of the vulva
  5. Cancer of the vagina
  6. Cancer of the penis
  7. Cancer of the anus
  8. Head and neck cancers

HPV VACCINE

Human papillomavirus (HPV)
  • The antibody utilized within the studies was the HPV 16/18 immunization (Cervarix™ GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium) containing HPV 16 and HPV 18 L1-proteins self-assembled into VLPs and defined with an AS04-adjuvant containing aluminum hydroxide and monophosphoryl lipid.
  • Each measurements of the immunization contained 20 μg of HPV 16 and 18 L1 proteins adjuvanted with 550 μg of AS04 (500 μg of aluminum hydroxide and 50 μg of 3-O-desacyl-4´ monophosphoryl lipid A). Each antibody measurements was provided in coded person prefilled 0.5 ml syringes and managed within the deltoid muscle on a 0-, 1-, and 6months plan.
  • The control antibody utilized in in paper IV was hepatitis B immunization (Engerix-B™) containing 10 μg of hepatitis B surface antigen and 250 μg of aluminum hydroxide. Each immunization dosage was provided in prefilled 0.5 ml syringes and managed into the deltoid muscle on the same plan as the HPV 16/18 immunization.  

CONCLUSION

Both systemic and mucosal immune responses are important when a vaccine targeted mucosal infection is introduced. In women aged 15-25 years high serum antibody levels transudate to the mucosal surfaces where infection occurs, suggesting protection against vaccine HPV type infections which consequently reduces transmissibility.

This can also be expected in men as the prevalence of HPV DNA in urine was reduced in HPV 16/18 vaccinated males compared to unvaccinated males, although larger sample sizes are needed to reach significance. Strong vaccine immune responses in age groups 10-25 years and in both genders due to the adjuvant system in the bivalent vaccine ensure a long-lasting duration of protection. The HPV vaccine implemented in vaccine programs in most developed countries focuses on reducing cervical cancer risk in women.

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